Cellphones Should Be Banned

Cellphones should be banned Nowadays you see cellphones everywhere: at the store, at a restaurant, and even at the theater. People seem not able to put them down or turn them off. Cellphones have negative effects on health, society, and safety. I have arranged my discussion in this order, ascending of importance, in order to give the reader some insight in the world of cellphones, and why cellphones should be banned. Cellphones can cause severe stress in all generations. Children and young adults are always on; they eat, sleep and shower with their cellphones.Gaby Badre, MD, PhD, of Sahlgren's Academy in Gothenburg, Sweden found out that â€Å"Teenagers who excessively use their cell phone are more prone to disrupted sleep, restlessness, stress and fatigue† (American Academy of Sleep Medicine). While teenagers are stressed when they are not on their phone, always being on can stress people in the workforce. â€Å"Increasing use of cell phones and pagers may be blurring the bo undaries between work and home and raising stress levels at both places† (Warner).Even though there is just anecdotal evidence of cellphone related cancer and brain damage in adults, evidence was found that cellphones can damage a child's brain. Children using mobile phones absorb as much as double the amount of radiation through their heads as adults. The leading scientist Dr. Om Ghandi, from the University of Utah, found that a child's brain can absorb radiation across its entire surface. Cellphone radiation mainly effects the neurological system of a child, â€Å"causing headaches, lack of concentration, memory loss and sleeping disorders.It can also cause epilepsy in children† (international parenting association). Further can radiation of cellphones harm body cells and DNA. In Europe 12 research groups, worked on the project called Reflex. Over four years the researchers, coordinated by the german research group Verum, â€Å"studied the effect of radiation on huma n and animal cells in the laboratory† (international parenting association). They found that single and double-strand DNA breaks, after being exposed to electro magnetic fields. Professor Leif Salford, who headed the research at Sweden's prestigious Lund University, says ‘the voluntary exposure of the brain to microwaves from hand-held mobile phones' is ‘the largest human biological experiment ever'† (international parenting association). Like cellphones have an effect on health, they have an impact on society. Cellphones affect social interactions, communication, and etiquette. When you are watching a group of young people going out, or waiting for the bus together, each person of the group is either texting or calling a friend that is not with the group right now, instead of talking to each other.They avoid uncomfortable situations and confrontations by either not answering a call or sending a text message. â€Å"Text messaging is dangerous, not only does it ruin social interaction between humans, writing skills and expression. Everything becomes so impersonal and simple† (Marquez). There is no awkward silence or nonverbal response connected to text messaging. You can basically say anything you want in text messages without revealing your feelings or opinions. Text messaging is impersonal and young adults seems to lose the ability to have a face to face conversation. Moreover do cellphone have a great impact on Socioeconomic Diversity.Cellphones and cellphone contracts are expensive. Not every parent or student can afford a cellphone with unlimited text, call, and data. This may set young adults apart from their peer and make them subject of bullying. â€Å"People can be inconsiderate when using the phone in public† (ehow) – phone etiquette is poor or does not exist at all. Answering phone calls during a movie or theater show, to holding up the line at the store, or bumping into people on the street, because of fo cusing on the cell phone instead of their surroundings, are all examples of poor cell phone etiquette.But the biggest problem with cellphones is safety. The National Safety Council states that 28% of all car accidents are caused by cellphone use behind the wheel. The study â€Å"A comparison of Cellphone Driver and the Drunk Driver†, by Daniel L. Strayer and et al. , at the University of Utah in 2006, states that talking on the phone while driving equals a blood alcohol of 0. 08%. While teenagers are texting, they spend about 10 percent of the time outside the driving lane they’re supposed to be in (Edgar Snyder).But there are other crucial safety issues connected with cellphones beside cellphone use while driving. Sexting, the submission of sexual messages or pictures, is becoming more and more popular among teen agers, and young adults. â€Å"In January 2009, three high school girls from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania were charged with manufacturing and dissemina ting or possessing child pornography after they allegedly sent nude or seminude cell phone pictures of themselves to three male classmates. The boys, ages sixteen and seventeen,were charged with possession of child ornography for having the images on their phones. The girls involved were even younger, just fourteen and fifteen years of age (Calvert). News like that are disturbing, but far from uncommon. Young adults and teenagers reported that sexting is regarded as normal, and prerequisite for dating and hooking up. But sexted images and messages are not safe. With todays cellphone technology it is easy to send those pictures viral, online, without the initial sender knowing. The sender can be publicly exposed without their knowing.Furthermore can others take your picture without your consent. When convicted for distributing or owning child pornography, a teenager or young adult can face the chance to be labeled as sex offenders, â€Å"a stigma that could haunt them throughout the ir lives, all for what one might consider a youthful, sophomoric indiscretion† (Calvert). Cellphones appear to be very convenient, yet they come with severe side effects. After considering the health, society, and safety issues that cellphones bring with them a ban of cellphones is justified.Unfortunately a ban is not in sight for right now so we need to make sure that children, teenagers and young adults learn how to use their cellphones right, without depending on them too much. Work Cited Calvert, Clay. â€Å"SEX, CELL PHONES, PRIVACY, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: WHEN CHILDREN BECOME CHILD PORNOGRAPHERS AND THE LOLITA EFFECT UNDERMINES THE LAW. † Firstamandmend. com. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Developing the Child Brain. † ‘Early Learning' Parenting Resource.Early Learning' Parents Resource. Web. 01 May 2012. ;http://www. internationalparentingassociation. org/BrainDevelopment/cellphones. html;. Titus, Christa. â€Å"Negative Impact of Mobile Phones on Soci ety. † EHow. Demand Media, 26 July 2009. Web. 02 May 2012. ;http://www. ehow. com/facts_5217378_negative-impact-mobile-phones-society. html;. â€Å"Cell Phone & Texting Accident Statistics. † Edgarsnyder. com. Web. 03 May 2012. ;http://www. edgarsnyder. com/car-accident/cell-phone/statistics. html;. Marquez, Cesar. â€Å"Negative Aspects of Text Messaging. â€Å"

Face to Face Skills for Customer Service

Face to Face Summer Erxleben MAR2305 December 17, 2011 Brandi Summers Face to Face The manner in which I handled this customer service call was unprofessional and handled very poorly. I did not answer the phone within three rings or use the proper greeting that the company requires. There were many things I could have done different in this situation. First and foremost I should have done my job and handled her situation right away. However, that was not the case. Since I did not, there were other ways I could have smoothed things over with Aretha and rectified the situation. I should have answered the phone according to the company’s guidelines of answering before three rings and using the standard greeting. I should have not discussed any personal issues that I was having with her or used those as an excuse as to why I did not return her phone call. I should have gone straight to apologizing for my mistake and resolving the issue. I feel as if Aretha was justified in how she treated me. She was frustrated and expressed it to me. I made her angrier over the situation by trying to excuse my actions instead of trying to find a resolution. Personal issues and priorities can sometimes effect customer service because employees can let the mood over them flow into the work environment. An employee could possibly treat a customer with anger or indifference because of these issues. They can also be distracted from performing their required tasks. It is important to separate your home life from your work life. There are times an employee will need to put on a smile and positive attitude even when faced with such issues.

Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making - Essay Example It is a general assumption that consumers are easily swayed by proper channels of communication when it comes to marketing. The best method of communication to consumers is through advertisement. Advertisement will give an organisation a clear perspective of the market reaction towards their goods. Advertisement provides marketing strategists with a large population of consumers to please. However, a large consumer population to lure requires a lot of information depending on the consumer demand. Consumer demand is by far the best thing to understand when plotting a marketing strategy. Consumer demand requires an organisation to understand the requirements and needs of its target market. According to Ferrell & Hartline (2010) the lack of understanding one’s consumer requirement is the worst weakness an organisation can have in the marketing front. He further argues that consumers’ preferences should be the first priority in designing a marketing strategy. Lack of unders tanding one’s consumers is the most significant barrier in coming up with a marketing plan or designing. This paper will highlight the disadvantages the unknown factor in consumer requirements has on the marketing strategy of an organisation. It is usually a general assumption that marketing department holds the most importance when it comes to pushing sales and increasing the customer population. In all marketing departments, there should be a set aside team which does a marketing research on consumer requirements. With a known consumer preference, it becomes easier when the designing part of a marketing strategy. Firstly, all marketing strategies revolve around pleasing the target market. With this as the considered factor it is only logic to make the presentation of advertisements very appealing to consumers. Consumer preferences in advertising range from the method used in advertisement, channels used in marketing, the timing of advertisements and most importantly sinceri ty. That is; the advertisement should match the real product. With all these demands, a market research for preferences is advised (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010). Methods of marketing include digital advertisement or the use of sales people. Depending on the target market different consumer prefer different modes of advertising. It is usually a general consumer feeling that digital advertising is the most appropriate method. Apart from the consumer preference consideration, digital advertisement is appropriate for many organisations. This is because it reaches a much greater environment, it is easier to plan and implement and the cost is relatively low. The use of sales people seems to bug many individuals since they feel they invade their personal space. Depending on people’s activities during the day, the use of sales people may face great opposition from consumers. Consumer preferences also revolve around timing. Timing mainly affect digital advertisement since it depends on t he audience it reaches out to (Rantanen, 2005). He also argues that morning and daytime advertisement are likely to get a less audience compared to advertisement aired during the night. Researches indicate that night time advertisement slots are usually expensive compared to the day time slots. This is an indication that the general consumer market prefers and is easily exposed to night time digital advertisement. With increasing demands for advertisement channels it is also preferred that organisations do a market research on the best channels the

The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East Essay

The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East - Essay Example She begins with an analysis of the common explanations but then goes on to highlight the exceptional factors that hinder democracy. She cites examples and elaborates them to support her claims. In addition, she makes comparisons with the situation in other regions to make her claims more valid. She uses the exceptionalism comparative perspective to identify the real causes. Bellin starts with a citation of the Freedom House report on the level of democracy in different regions. While the number of free countries is doubling in other regions, the freedom house report indicated stagnation in the Middle East and North African region. She mentions the statistics as an anecdote to awaken the attention of her readers. Obviously, this report implies that something is definitely wrong in these countries. The author makes a supported claim that most countries in the region have failed to take the challenge of embarking on a journey towards democracy. She then mentions the obvious reasons that may be the cause of the stagnation. According to her, the obvious reasons do not offer valid explanations as to why the region does not make efforts towards democratization. These reasons include the existence of weak civil societies in the region that lack the impetus and capacity to advocate for democracy. In addition, labor unions in the region lack notable activity that can foster democracy. She also highlights the fact that the non-profit organizations in the region lack the appropriate grounding for them to participate in activities that can initiate a democratic transition. In elaboration, she mentions that since association life in the region is weak, the society lacks the capacity to exert pressure on the state to adopt a democratic setting. In addition, the state drives all economic projects of the countries through rental sources of income (Diamond 97-98). The state determines the level of employment as well as the rate of economic growth in the region. The people lack t he autonomy to create new economic ventures for themselves. Therefore, as long as they depend so much on the state, they cannot make demands from it. Increased poverty, illiteracy, and inequality limit the people from demanding democracy. As argued, these factors scare the few elite in society. The masses cannot commit to fighting for democracy as they have other pressing issues on the side. Next, she explains the claim that the Middle East and North Africa lack close proximity to democratic republics. Usually, analysts argue that close proximity to a democratic country offers demonstration effect. Some analysts claim that Islam is incompatible with democracy. Islam is prevalent in the Middle Eastern and North African countries and may be one of the reasons making it difficult for the people to embrace democracy. Bellin argues that the above circumstances are not preserves for the Middle Eastern and North African regions. The same factors exist in other regions that have shown remar kable progress towards democracy. She compares the situation in these regions with the realities in other regions. Her illustration of the progress in the sub-Saharan region despite the weak societies outweighs the claim that presence of a weak civil society hinders the Middle East society and North African countries from advancing towards democracy. On a different point, a high economic command from the state is not a factor that these

Pros and Cons of Various HRIS Systems Research Paper

Pros and Cons of Various HRIS Systems - Research Paper Example Traditionally, HRIS is considered as an automated record keeping of employees and computerization of the payroll. However, it is now well established that HR managers with information system can greater role beyond the administrative jobs. Today the organizations are besieged with the cost burden. With increased cost competition, the companies have no option but to transfer the cost burden to the customers. Therefore, to maintain stability in the price of the products, the only option is to look within, i.e. cost minimization. Cost minimization without technology support is difficult (Walker, 2001, p. 135). Background of the report Big Boss Security Limited is a company that provides personal security for business executives and high ranking officials. The company has 150 employees. The human resource department has two HR staffs; one HR manager and one part-time employee. The company is facing some problems due to the small number of staffs in the HR department. However, the company does not have any plans to recruit HR personnel at this point in time. Therefore the company has decided to go for IT enablement of the Hr department by introducing HRIS. The system needs to be installed keeping the company objective and budget constraints in mind.   Therefore there is an existence of budget constraint. However, the company has got plans for future expansion. Therefore it is very important for the company to retain the talent and increase efficiency. HRIS Concepts HRIS is the systems to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze and interpret relevant information on human resources. It is not mere computer hardware or some customized standard HR software. It broadly includes people, policies and procedures and of course data. It does not limit the focus on automation of manual HR jobs like record keeping or payroll preparation. It is a service in the form of information. The nature of the information depends upon the user's needs. Users may not be limited to the HR depa rtment; it may even be an MD/President of an organization. For example, the finance manager of a company has to prepare an annual budget. Hence data on the aggregate compensation cost may be required. However, merely depending upon the headcounts may give an inaccurate result. But simulating this with factors like attrition rate, likely DA increase or decrease, absenteeism, man-days lost due to the IT related problems, increments, incentive, promotion, redundancy, etc. will most certainly ensure better projection. Similarly, even HR people may need that information for different purposes. There are different HRIS modules that are in the product profile of all HRIS vendors. There are products on recruitment and management, training and development, attendance, etc. Different HRIS Modules In this section several HRIS modules would be analyzed. Even though all major HRIS vendors provide manpower planning solutions, there are vendors providing exclusive solutions for the overall human r esource management functions. Based on the key organizational issues and objective some modules have been analyzed.

Business 50 p week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business 50 p week 2 - Essay Example Policies and procedures define the service culture and the mode of operation within an organization. The essence of recommending changes in the manner in which policies and procedures are established is to give priorities on certain aspects that are critical for employees and customers. Formulation of policies and the process of implementation requires an approach that focusses centrally on the clients while maintaining the interest of the employees (Martinez & Hobbi, 2008). Most of the policies focus on the organization and not the workers and the clients who are supposed to be served. Service culture requires a two-dimensional approach where the interest of the customers and the employees are catered for with due diligence. Catering for the needs of the employees enhance motivation thus increasing the levels of productivity for the organization. Consequently, a customer-centric approach in policy formulation ensures that the client satisfaction in terms of service delivery is achieved as appropriate (Martinez & Hobbi, 2008). Changing the design of policies and procedures enhance prompt service delivery positive impact on the service culture of the

Ethical Considerations in Business Decisions and Operations Essay

Ethical Considerations in Business Decisions and Operations - Essay Example Liberation of the financial services sector in the USA in the late 1990s translated to the freedom of financial institutions to offer a wide range of financial services to clients. Banks are allowed by the Securities and Exchange Commission to offer securities as they deem okay to their clients where it is the major financial players who usually benefit. The advantages of such a scenario are that it is good for the banks which are businesses just like any other hence interested in maximizing income. Banks also argue that distributing securities to established investors as opposed to small ones is a sure way of raising the much-needed publicity for small firms launching in an IPO. This happened between WordCom’s Mr. Ebbers and Salomon Barney through Mr. Grubman - an underwriter who enabled Mr. Ebbers to make $11 million in four years from IPOs (Romar, 2006). Ethical concerns, however, arise in cases involving very close relationships with financial institutions, analysts, and i nvestors. A case in point is the close relationship between Mr. Ebbers and Mr. Grubman which resulted in high rankings for WorldCom even when its stocks were actually falling. In the end, there was a misrepresentation of information to shareholders that kept them in the dark about changing fortunes (WorldCom's stocks had fallen by nearly 90% by the time Mr. Grubman came clean) finally leading to losses when WorldCom went bankrupt (Gini and Marcoux, 2008).... This was only sustainable through continued acquisitions hence when the government denied WordCom the permission to acquire Sprint in 2000 the management had to focus on raising value of the previous acquisitions which would be accompanied by fall in share value. In 2002, WordCom filed for bankruptcy admitting to financial adjustments of operating expenses as capital expenses to a tune of $9 billion in three years (Moberg and Romar, 2003). The situation at WordCom reveals a need to protect shareholders from bearing losses since they are the ultimate losers in the scenario where a company files for bankruptcy. The suggested protection needs only transparency and accountability in acquisition alongside ensuring that the GAAPs are strictly adhered to. This can be achieved through undertaking proper audits of acquisition processes since wholesome shelving of acquisition is waste of an opportunity for growth. Ethical Considerations when Banking Firms offer Special Clients Privilege in â⠂¬Å"Hot† IPO Auctions Liberation of financial services sector in the USA in the late 1990s translated to the freedom of financial institutions to offer a wide range of financial services to clients. Banks are allowed by the Securities and Exchange Commission to offer securities as they deem okay to their clients where it is the major financial players who usually benefit. The advantages of such a scenario is that it is good for the banks which are businesses just like any other hence interested in maximizing income. Banks also argue that distributing securities to established investors as opposed to small ones is a sure way of raising the much needed publicity for small firms launching in an IPO. This happened

Painful Ankle Medical Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Painful Ankle Medical Treatment - Case Study Example Medications: The patient has been on analgesics broad-spectrum antibiotics regimen that ended three days ago; provided at the clinic. No other medication currently.Allergies: The client has a specific protein food allergies, cannot eat eggs. There is no known drug allergies.Immunisation: Tetanus injection immediately after the cut (one week ago) scheduled for a repeat (booster) in three weeks’ time (Greaves and Johnson 2002, p.38).SH: the patient is married, living with the wife and two children. He is a farmer while his wife owns a grocery shop. Does not smoke but occasionally takes alcohol.His hobbies include reading, listening to music and tending the flowers.O/E: Stable general outlook. Not sick-looking. NAD on examination of the head, Neck, back, chest. Hands.Left foot: The ankle joint is swollen. The patient reports painful joint and cannot walk well.ROM: ROM: Active: Flexion- Cannot flex the ankle due to pain on anterior aspect Extension- full range; with minimal pain o n movementAbduction- painful Adduction- painfulMedial Rotation- painful Passive: Flexion- full range; with pain on anterior aspect the ankleExtension- full range; painful Abduction- full range; painfulMedial Rotation- painfulResistive: Flexion-with intense pain on anterior aspect of ankleExtension- painful Abduction- painfulMedial Rotation- painfulImpression: Ankle sprain

Something I Feel so Strongly About (at of This Moment) Essay Example for Free

Something I Feel so Strongly About (at of This Moment) Essay The moment we were asked by our professor on something that we strongly feel about, I already had thoughts and mix-ups on my mind. Honestly, I find this one a bit confusing to write. I mean, I’m not sure if my thoughts are likely good enough for me to write something with sense here. Anyway, I began this by thinking and feeling deeply. Yes, I mean this word: DEEPLY. I thought of what’s really bothering me, both mentally and emotionally. It’s like I was asking myself what’s that thing I do feel so strongly about. I thought of hundreds of things. Then I came up with this particular matter that I think occupies mostly my thoughts. I know it’s hilarious to hear this and it’s kinda weird because of the fact that there are millions of things as choices and I have concluded that this thing is about my crush. Isn’t it funny? I’m actually smiling while writing this one. I feel like I’m so childish and immature. But this is the truth and this time, I have to deal with it. I think I should just screen his name. Read more: Proudest Moment of My Life I’ll just keep it private here because it’s so awkward. I’m crazy about this boy. Hahaha! I daydream many things about him. I daydream of the way he smiles, the way he talks, the way he stares at something, and everything about him. I daydream about me and him together. I want to emphasize the word â€Å"DREAM† because I know it’s all impossible. Hahaha! I stalk on him, particularly on Facebook. I did a research about his name and backgrounds. Every time I see him, I’m whispering like â€Å"Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin’ away.† Seeing him can already make my day. Seeing him smile is really a great impact. It’s like vitamins to my heart. Hahaha! He’s one of my inspirations. We’re not friends. I just know him and I guess, he doesn’t even know me. I feel hurt and insecure whenever I see him with other girls. I know it sounds funny because I don’t have the right to be. I’m just an ambitious loser: dreaming of something really impossible. I know lots of girls are also crushing on him. I don’t certainly know if what feeling is I’m feeling. If it’s love or just a mere infatuation. But one thing is for sure, it’s not obsession. I don’t care if I may sound defensive but I’m pretty sure it’s not. Feelings come and go. If this might lead for something worthy someday, I hope for this to stay. But if it’s never meant to be, then I also hope for this feeling to go away.

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Essay Example for Free

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Essay Born First, Born Smarter This study involves a persons intellectual development in correlation to the order in which they were born in relation to their siblings. Two research psychologists, Robert B. Zajonc and Gregory B. Markus, developed a theory in an attempt to explain the relationship between birth order and intelligence. They conducted this study by gathering information from previous research and applied it to the data they collected themselves. A research project was conducted n the late 1960s that involved testing the intellectual abilities of children born at the end of WWII. They found a strong relationship between the birth order and the Raven test scores. The ones born first scored higher, and the score decreased with the declining birth order. However, the average Raven score for the first born in a two family is only about 5 points higher then that for a last born in a family with nine children. So the more children you have, and the smaller the gap between each child is, the more intelligent each child in succession will be. In Control and Glad of It Researchers Ellen J. Langer and Judith Rodin conducted a field experiment using elderly people in an elderly home to test the outcome of when people are given control as opposed to when people have everything done for them. Langer and Rodins prediction was that if the loss of personal responsibility for ones life causes a person to be less happy and healthy, then increasing control and power should have the opposite effect. Two floors of the elderly home were randomly selected to be observed. One floor was given options for certain things such as there furniture arrangement and which movie they would like to attend. The other floor, was given no such options and had everything arranged and done for them by the staff. The staff was asked to fill out questionnaires about the patients on their floor (the staff new nothing of the experiment). The questionnaires had questions on it to comment about things such as if the patents were sociable, happy, alert, and even how much they visited other patients. The differences between the two groups were incredible. They determined that overall, the increased responsibility groups condition improved over the three weeks of  the study, while the no-control group was doing progressively poorer. They concluded that when people who have been forced to give up their control and decision-making power are given a greater sense of personal responsibility, their lives and attitudes improve, as is true with the opposing side. More Experience = Bigger Brain Mark R. Rosenzweig and Edward L. Bennett wanted to find out if the brain changes in response to experience. Because this experiment involved long periods of observation and even autopsies to observe the changes in the brain, the two researchers couldnt use human subjects, so they used rats for the experiment. Three male rats where chosen to participate and assigned to one of three conditions. One rat remained in the colony cage with the rest of the colony. One rat was placed in an enriched environment and one was placed in an impoverished environment. There were 12 rats in each of these conditions for each of the 16 experiments. The standard cage had many rats and had adequate space with food and water always available. The improvised environment was a slightly smaller cage, isolated in a separate room, where the rat was alone with adequate food and water. Finally, the enriched environment was a large cage filled with many toys and furnished with every luxury a rat could want. The results indicated that the brains of the enriched rats were highly different from those of the impoverished rats. The cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was significantly heavier and thicker then those of the impoverished rats. Also, the study found a significantly greater number of glial cells in the enriched rats brains compared with the rats raised in the dull environment. After 10 years of experiment and research the researchers could clearly and confidently state that there is no doubt that many aspects of brain anatomy and brain chemistry are changed by experience. However, many scientists were skeptical of there findings because there were factors that Rosenzweig and Bennett didnt take into consideration. The enriched rats were handled more which could have been a brain stimulus and the impoverished rats could have been stressed from having no contact with anyone or anything at all. See AggressionDo Aggression One of he most famous and influential experiment ever conducted in psychology history demonstrated how children learn to be aggressive. This study by Albert Bandura and his associates Dorothea Ross and Shelia Ross was carried out in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers asked for the help of the Stanford University nursery in obtaining thirty-six boys and thirty-six girls raging from ages 3-6. The average age for he children was 4 years and 4 months. Twenty four of the children were assigned to the control group which was the group that wasnt exposed to any model. The rest of the children were divided into two groups: one exposed to aggressive models and one exposed to non-aggressive models, they were also divided by sex. They eventually had 8 experimental groups divided by gender and level of aggression. First, the experimenter brought a child from one of the groups to a playroom with an adult model. The adult model beat a Bobo doll with a fake mallet while the child played with other toys. Another child was brought in after and the adult model ignored the Bobo doll. This went on for all the groups. 1) The children who were exposed to the violent models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors they observed when left alone with the Bobo doll. 2) Overall, girls were more likely to imitate the verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll, while the boys showed more physical violence. 3) Boys were significantly more physically aggressive then girls in nearly all the conditions. 4) The boys used the mallet significantly more then girls in almost all of the conditions. 5) The control group was generally less violent then the experimental group.6) in cases with a non-aggressive female, the children used hardly any aggressive language. What You Expect Is What You Get This study involves teachers expectancies of pupils and how that affects the students I.Q. gains. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted a study where they theorized that when an elementary school teacher is provided with information (such as I.Q. scores) that creates certain expectancies about a students potential, either strong or weak, the teacher might unknowingly behave in ways that subtly encourage or facilitate the performance of the students seen as more likely to succeed. An elementary school was chosen and  all the children grades 1-6 were given an I.Q. test near the beginning of the year. The teachers were told that there students were taking the Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition. This was told to them because this test was supposed to be a predictor for a childs academic blooming. Teachers believed that students that scored higher would enter a period of increased learning abilities. This was also not true. Children were chosen at random to be within the top 20 percentile of this test and the teachers were informed of this. All other children were the control group of this experiment. At the end of the year the children were tested again using the I.Q. test and the children originally chosen for the top 20% showed a significantly increased score then those of the control group in grades one and two. In grades 3-6 the difference was not so great. The reason for the 1st and 2nd grade development was thought to be because of how younger minds were more malleable then older children and how younger children dont have a reputation from previous school years. I Can See It All Over Your Face Researchers Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen conducted a study about how facial expressions and emotions are a universal language. The first problem with this experiment was that the researchers had to find subjects that had never been exposed to media or magazines because this would enable the subjects to not truthfully identify a certain emotional expression. Ekman and Freisen found a group of people like this in the Southeast Highlands of New Guinea called the Fore people. They were an isolated Stone Age society with not much contact of any other people outside there environment, let alone any media. They had not been exposed to emotional facial expressions other then those of there own people. The two researchers showed there experimental groups of adults and children pictures of different facial expressions of people from the United States and told them a sentence. They asked them to identify by pointing, to the correct matching facial expression. The adults were given three pictures to choose from and the children were given two. There was not much difference between male and female recognition of expressions, however the children did fair a little better in the experiment. This could have been attributed to the fact that  the children only had to choose between two pictures instead of three. The results for both adults and children clearly support the researchers theory that particular facial behaviors are universally associated with particular emotions. The only trouble that the Fore people had was distinguishing between fear and surprise, and this was because these people closely associated fear and surprise as one emotion. Racing Against Your Heart Using their earlier research and clinical observations, two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, developed a model of traits for a specific type of persons behavioral pattern that they believed was related to growing levels of cholesterol and to heart disease. The first pattern, pattern A, had characteristics such as a drive to achieve your goals, a competing personality, multi-tasking that involves meeting deadlines, and extreme alertness. Following this is another type of people, called pattern B. Pattern B is the exact opposite of pattern A. They lacked drive, ambition, desire to compete, and involvement in deadlines. A third set of behaviors developed was called pattern C. This was very much like pattern B but involved anxiety and insecurity. Friedman and Rosenman interviewed about 166 men for there experiment. They first questions they asked them were about there familys medical history, so they could see if they had CHD. While in this interview the researchers cat egorized each man into a pattern A or B category by the way he answered questions, or his tone, or body language. Each subject was asked to keep a log of there diet over the course of a week and blood tests were taken from each of the men to measure cholesterol levels. Friedman and Rosenman matched each man into pattern A and pattern B easily. Each man fit into one of the developed patterns. The researchers found that the men in Pattern A group had significantly higher chances of heart disease and that type A behavior was a major cause of blood abnormalities. However there could be other reasons why Type A had higher chances of heart disease such as, there familys history. More men in the pattern A group had parents with heart disease. Another difference was that pattern A men smoked more cigarettes a day then did the subjects in group B. This study was very important in the history of psychology for a few  reasons. One way was that it proved certain behavioral patterns can cause major heart related illness. Another is that this study began a new line of research and questioning into the relat ionship between behavior and CHD. The largest long-range outcome from this study that has played an important role in creating a new branch of psychology called health psychology. Not Practicing What You Preach This study involves attitudes and actions toward different racial groups. It was determine if what people say is actually what they will do if they come face to face with the problem. Richard T. LaPiere traveled extensively with a young Chinese couple in 1930 and 1931. The couple was very nice and personable and he was glad to be traveling with them. During this time there was a lot of prejudice in the U.S. against Asians. So, LaPiere was very surprised when the Asian couple was graciously accommodated at a very fine hotel that had a reputation for greatly disliking Orientals. Two months later he called the same hotel and asked if they would accommodate a very important Chinese man and they said defiantly not. LaPiere then developed a theory that stated What people say is often not what they do. The study was conducted in two separate parts. First, LaPiere went with his Chinese friends to many hotels and restaurant throughout the U.S. over the course of two years. He took record of how the couple was treated and made sure to first stay out of site of the managers of the establishments to ensure that the couple wouldnt be treated differently in his presence. The second part of the experiment was for LaPiere to wait 6 months after there trip (to make sure the effect of the Chinese couples visit had faded), and then call each establishment that they went to or stayed at, and asked them if they would accommodate a Chinese person. After almost three years, LaPiere had enough information to make a comparison of social attitudes social behavior. Out of the 251 hotels and restaurants they attended, only one refused the couple and LaPiere service because of the couples race. Aside from that instance, all other places accommodated them with average or above average service. When he received most of the letters back with an answer from the hotels and restaurants over 90% of them said they would absolutely not accommodate anyone of the Chinese race. This confirmed LaPieres theory that what people  say, is not always how they will act. The Power of Conformity Research psychologist Solomon E. Asch conducted a study to see if people will give into peer pressure and conform to there friends ideas. A person was let into a room (Subject A) with seven other subjects. These seven people, without subject A knowing, were not participants in the experiment, they were helping the experimenter. Each person was asked which line was longer on a card that was shown to them. Subject A went first and then followed was the seven other subjects and then subject A was asked again. They did this several times until one time, all the other subjects disagreed with subject A and all picked the same one, different form his choice. When the card came back to subject A he picked the one everyone else picked. Seventy-Five percent of the time the first subject will conform to the groups consensus at least once. The powerful effects of group pressures to conform were clearly demonstrated in Aschs study. There are four factors that could have an effect on the reduction of conformity. These factors are social support, attraction and commitment to the group, size of the group, and gender of the group. If you have people on your side you are more likely to stay with your answer rather then conform. Crowding Into The Behavioral Sink The effects of crowding on our behavior are something that has interested psychologists for decades. One man in particular, John B. Calhoun was especially interested in it when he conducted this study on crowding and social pathology. It may be hard to believe but rats do have a social side. The reason Calhoun used rats were because he needed many subjects for long periods of time that were willing to crowd together for a while. Humans wouldnt be very good at this. He used a 1014 foot room and divided it into 4 sections. Section one was connected to section 2 by a ramp, section 2 was connected to section 3 by a ramp, and section 3 was connected to section 4 by a ramp. The walls were electrified so in order to get from section 1 to section 4 you needed to go through all the rooms. The rooms were also filled  with shreds of paper, in order for the rats to make nests. The experimenter filled the rooms with rats. They started with about 4 rats and waited or the rats to multiply until they reached 80. When over 80 were reached some rats were removed so they always had a constant number. When the rats got older, they started to fight with each other for space even though it wasnt necessarily too crowded. The two end rooms were soon fought for because they got the most space and privacy so the rat that won the fight always stayed on guard at the end of the ramp for security. Some rats became submissive and others always fought. Some of the rats were very sexually active and some wanted nothing to do with it. Some of the mothers in the two middle pens became inadequate. They often left their children and lost all maternal abilities. One environment where the same thing that happened to the rats might happen to humans is in an overcrowded prison. It was found in a very crowded prison where each inmate has approximately 50 square feet, as opposed to one with more room, there were more cases of homicides, suicide, illness, and disciplinary problems. Crowding also has negative effects on problem-solving abilities. When in a small room thats crowded subjects had a more difficult time listening to a story and putting tighter a puzzle, then did another group with more space and the same tasks. Relaxing Your Fears Away Researcher Joseph Wolpe was a research psychologist specializing in the systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses. The word phobia comes from Phobos, the name of the Greek god of fear. Phobias are divided into three main categories. Simple phobias are phobias that involve irrational fears of animals or specific situations such as small spaces or heights. Social phobias are irrational fears about interaction with others. Agoraphobia is the irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar, open, or crowded space. These are all irrational and all can be treated in similar ways. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that was credited to Wolpe as perfecting and applying it to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is the way of unlearning a learned behavior. Reciprocal inhibition is when two responses inhibit each other, and only one may exist at a given moment. There are three steps that a patient must follow in order  to rid themselves of a phobi a. Wolpe says that you cannot be in a complete relaxed state and have an irrational fear at the same time, so the first step is relaxation. He taught the patient to go into a deep state of relaxation whenever they wanted or needed too. The process involves tensing and relaxing your muscles until you have reached a state of complete relaxation. Wolpe also incorporated hypnosis to ensure full relaxation. The next step in the process is for the therapist and patient to develop a list of high anxiety-producing situations involving your phobia. Starting with the least stressful and ending with the most stressful. The final stage is called the unlearning stage. The patient has to go into a deep state of relaxation and the therapist will read off to you your fears of the list. If at any point you feel anxiety the therapist stops you return to your relaxation mode and the therapist will continue. This process continues until the therapist can go through the entire list with you feeling the least bit anxious. The success of their therapy was judged by the patients own reports and by the occasional direct observation. He had a success rate of 91% with the 39 cases he had. The average number of treatment sessions needed was 12.3. Wolpe said that he hasnt had any patient relapse after a complete desensitization recovery. Whos Crazy Here, Anyway? David L. Rosenhan conducted an experiment with sane people going into mental facilities claiming to hear voices, to see if the patients would be immediately released if acting completely sane. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the situations in which the observers find the patients. Eight subjects including Rosenhan committed themselves to eight different mental hospitals. Each subject was completely sane and in perfect mental health. When committing themselves to the hospital they complained of hearing voices and all but one where admitted and on record as having schizophrenia. Each patient once admitted, acted perfectly sane and showed no signs of schizophrenia yet were treated as though they did have a mental illness throughout their entire stay. They were given medication which they disposed of and were not treated as normal people. It was as if because they  were in the mental hospital, they were automatically considered to not be a real human being. Rosenhans study demonstrated rather strongly that normal patients cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the strength of the mental setting has over the patients actual behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a place, there is a strong inclination for them to be viewed in ways that strip them of all individuality. This study surprises me. Im taken aback that these professionals that have worked with mentally ill patients cannot decipher between a truly mental patient and a completely mentally-healthy patient. It is extremely unprofessional that the staff member/nurse did at one of the facilities by adjusting her bra in front of patients as if they werent real people. Thanks For The Memories One of the leading researchers in the area of memory is Elizabeth Loftus at the University of Washington. She has found that when an event is recalled it is not accurately recreated. Instead its whats called reconstructive memory. Loftus defines a presupposition as a condition that must be true in order for the question to make sense. For example, suppose that you have witnessed an automobile accident and I ask you, How many people were in the car that was speeding? The question presupposes that the car was speeding. One experiment done by Loftus was having students in small groups watch a car accident video that was about 1 minute long. After the film ended the students had to answer questions. For half the students the first question was How fast was car A going when it ran the stop sign? The other students had a question that read How fast was car A going when I turned right? The last question for both groups was Did you see the stop sign? In the group that had been asked about the stop sign 53% of the subjects said they saw a stop sign for car A, while only 35% in the turned right group claimed to have seen it. Based on these and other studies, Loftus argues that an accurate theory of memory and recall must include a process of reconstruction that occurs when new information is integrated into the original memory of an event. There is little doubt that in the course of criminal prosecutions, eye witness reports are subject to many sources of  error such as post event information integration.

Presentation Of Iago In Othello English Literature Essay

Presentation Of Iago In Othello English Literature Essay The plot of the play Othello is that the Moorish soldier Othello and a young Venetian lady Desdemona secretly marry. Her father isnt happy by this secret ceremony and warns Othello that if she can deceive her own father she might some day do the same to him. Iago later uses Desdemona against Othello in the play. He does this because he is jealous of Othello who became promoted to the job he feels he should have got. To complete this plot of his, he speaks many lies and proceeds in many incidents to convince Othello that Desdemona is being disloyal to him by having an affair with another man-Cassio. In Act 1 Scene 2 Iago starts off speaking to Othello. He is trying to gain his trust by telling Othello all the things he has done wrong and all of his regrets. He speaks about him being with Desdemona and then he goes onto saying that he thinks she is betraying him. Iago is trying to make Othello suspect Desdemona for being unfaithful to him and gives Othello images he can picture in his head (which then relates back to when Othello saw Desdemona and Cassio dancing together). Cassio then walks in, this makes Iagos plan go even better for him even though it wasnt what he planned to happen. Cassio comes in asking Othello to go to Cyprus because the duke would like to have an appearance from him. Iago then says that Othello cannot go because he is married. Shakespeare has done this so Iago can make it look like Cassio is trying to send Othello away so he can be with Desdemona. In Act 1 Scene 3, Shakespeare has revealed Iagos entire plan. He is thinking aloud so the whole plot is revealed to us. It shows that Iago wants revenge on Othello because when he is speaking to Roderigo he says: I hate the Moor; Let us be conjunctive in our revenge against him. Then later in the scene he reveals his plan, saying that Desdemona is the love of his life and that she is his only weakness. So if she is made to seem that she is sleeping with Cassio then he will go to Iago and tell him he was right all along and thank him for realising it. If Iagos plan went to how he wanted, then this would mean that out of gratefulness for realising what he couldnt see, Othello would then do anything to repay him. In Act 2 Scene 1 Iago is again alone with Roderigo, they are speaking about Desdemona, and because Roderigo is so madly in love with her, Iago can still use this to his advantage. In this scene, Iago says first, I must tell thee this Desdemona is directly in love with him. Shakespeare is still showing how Iago can make things sound and how he can use the people he is manipulating. Iago then moves on to Othello and tries to gain his trust. He is trying to get Othello to trust him so he will later believe him about Desdemona sleeping with Cassio. In Act 2 Scene 3 Iago is with Cassio and Iago is trying to get Cassio drunk so he can make Cassio make stupid mistakes so his plan will be more convincing. Iago says If I can fasten but one cup upon him, with that which he hath drunk to-night already, hell be as full of quarrel and offence as my young mistress dog. Shakespeare has presented Iago in this way because he is discreetly making Cassio drink without him taking any notice of what he is doing. Iago has now given Cassio many cups of wine and Cassio becomes aggressive towards Montano, Iago then tells Roderigo to go and report to Othello of Cassios state, this is so Othello will loose all trust in Cassio for becoming so rowdy. Cassio says to Othello I pray you, pardon me; I cannot speak Othello now thinks that now he cannot trust him because he is easily persuaded. He now trusts Iago more because he was the one who supposedly stopped him getting out of control. Later in the scene, Iago is with Cassio, and Cassio is feeling like his life is a mess. Iago tells him to go and see Desdemona because she can sort out his life. Cassio has obviously gained Iagos trust because he takes his advice and goes to see her. He is desperate to sort his life out and will do anything to get it back in order. William Shakespeare has portrayed Iago as a scheming person who will do anything in order out of spite and jealousy. Iagos character can gain any persons trust in such a discreet way, he can give them advice and they will take it. This is why Iagos plan goes right because everyone believes him until last minute when it is too late to change things. The audience is prepared for Iagos character because you see his evil side, especially when he speaks his plan out aloud to the audience at the end of Act 1 Scene 3; he announces his jealousy and hate for Othello which makes you prepared for the ending.

Buddhist and Hindu Temples Essay -- Religion, Cultures, Art

Hindu and Buddhist cultures are both rich in religion and expressing their faith through art. The Buddhist culture was formed by Buddha who went out to discover the causes of pain and suffering. Once Buddha realized what the cause was, he provided a set of four guiding principles know as the â€Å"Four Noble Truths† that are exercised in Buddhism (Kleiner, p. 13). The Four Noble truths are â€Å"Life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, one can overcome and extinguish desire, the way to conquer desire and end suffering is to follow Buddha’s Eightfold Path†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 13). These truths are expressed in the following of Buddhism and commonly carried out through art. Buddhism is practiced throughout Southeast Asia and southern India where there is a strong presence of Buddhist artwork. This includes art in the form of statues, temples, paintings, and architecture. The two dominant forms or art are the stupas and the chaitya halls that often house t he stupas. The Stupa is a round burial mound that is essential to the Buddhist religion. The stupa itself is not a tomb for the dead, but a housing of Buddha. These means of burial came into existence when Buddha died and was cremated. His remains were then dispusred throughout the burial housing that solid and round. These stupas could not be entered. Stupas can come in many different sizes. There are handheld stupas, and there are giant structure stupas that represent a map of the universe. The most famous of the giant stupas is the Great Stupa of Sanchi. There are different parts of the structural stupas that represent different points in Buddhism. The main parts of the stopas are: the domes shape itself, toranas, the harmika, the yasti, the three chatras, and a stone fenc... ...o Vishvanatha because as you progress towards the main tower, there are a series of towers that ascend in size. With Vishnu being the â€Å"Preserver of the Universe,† the five main towers at Angor Wat represent the five peaks of Mount Meru, which is the mountain at the center of the universe. When Suryavarman II died it is believed the temple absorbed him so he is worshiped as a god. Images and sculptures of Suryavarman II and Vishnu are represented throughout the galleries of the tall towers of Angor Wat. Temples and structures represent religious ideals through the elaborate architecture. Hinduism and Buddhism share similarities because of the depiction of gods in art forms. The buildings of temples are important elements in expressing faiths in the deities because of the preservation and worshipping that takes place in them.

A Brief Analysis of The Steel Industry Essays -- Industry

Steel Industry In the early part of this century was a time when industry was booming with growth around the installation of major railroads. With this growth came the transatlantic cable, the telegraph, and a whole lot of steel. Steel would be needed in the construction of these new transportation systems and communications were now possible between businesses and industries. (Wren, 2005) This paper will first discuss the development of the steel industry. Next, it will examine steel, and in the impact it had on the transportation industry. Finally, it will discuss systematic management practices of this time and how they gave birth to the scientific approach that is still in use today. Steel The steel industry was needed for almost everything. Alfred D Chandler Jr. could see the potential market value early on. According to Wren: Chandler traced the history of various firms and delineated four phases in the history of the large U.S. enterprise: 1. The initial expansion and accumulation of resources 2. The rationalization of the use of resources 3. The expansion into new markets and lines to help assure the full use of resources; 4. The development of a new structure that rationalized the renewal of growth. For many companies, the phases started and ended at different times, depending on the state of technology and the firm’s ability to react and capitalize on market opportunities. Chandler further noted two facets of industrial growth: 1. Horizontal growth from 1879 to 1893- which occurred when producers of similar fields combined through mergers, pools, or trusts to gain economies of scale, and 2. Vertical growth from 1898 to 1904- which occurred when firms moved backward or forward in ter... ...vents/pande01.html English Online. (Ed.). (n.d.). The Industrial Revolution. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from English-online.com Web site: http://www.english-online.at/history/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution-manufacturing.htm History.com. (Ed.). (n.d.). Andrew Carnegie. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from History.com Web site: http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-carnegie Kernsanalysis.com. (Ed.). (n.d.). An Overview of Management. Retrieved April 24, 2012, from Fredrick Taylor Scientific Management Web site: http://www.kernsanalysis.com/sjsu/ise250/history.htm Vectorstudy.com. (Ed.). (2008). Henri Fayol Management Gurus. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from Vector Study.com Web site: http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/henri_fayol.htm Wren. (2005). The History of Management Thought (5th ed.). Danvers, MA: Wiley & Sons. (Original work published 1976)

Racial Diversity Essay

Associate Program Material Racial Diversity in Society Worksheet Part I Complete the following using the MySocLab Social Explorer Map: Income Inequality by Race (located on the student website) as a reference: †¢ Select 1 racial group from the list below: o African American o Asian American o Arab American o Hispanic American/Latino o White/Caucasian †¢ Write a 150- to 300-word summary of the economic, social, and political standings of that group. Use additional resources if necessary, from the University Library or your textbooks. Provide citations for all the sources you use. As we all know in history we have noticed that the white race has been the most dominant and the most successful races in our history. Since the beginning of time the Europeans were very successful with importing and exporting of goods. Most of the successful businesses are ran by the white race who are still trying to expand their businesses in other countries. When it comes social most white people fit some of the stereotypes given to them. An example of this is that they are known to be very polite with any person they meet and try to help them as much as they can to the best of their abilities. In the political standings most of our presidents, congressmen, and senates are of the white race. This is something has been seen ever since the government was established. The white race is known to have the biggest influence over every other political system in the world. Part II Answer the following in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is racism? In what ways does racism affect diversity? Racism is a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racism affects diversity by creating separate groups of different races. This would cause conflict between the same race that split into different sections. How do racial groups interact in contemporary America? Are interactions positive, negative, or neutral? Support your response using proper citations. The interaction of racial groups in America all depends on the type of situation or conversation they are having. There are times where certain interactions between people are positive, negative or neutral it mostly depends on the topic or situation that is going on. Some situations can turn out bad and others can actually cause a positive change in a person’s thought process of something. Are there existing social inequities based on race? Why or why not? There are social in equalities based on race today especially when it comes to minorities coming into the country. We see on the news and hear stories of minorities who are trying to make a difference in their lives and get judged just because they might of come to this countrie illegally. What do you believe to be the causes of racial prejudice and discrimination in today’s society? I feel that the cause of racial prejudice and discrimination in today’s society is that many people like to follow what others do and feel that by them joining in on the prejudice that they will get accepted. Also I feel that assumption plays a role in this because a lot of people like to judge others on things they do or the way they dress or even by just the way the person looks.

Millenium Goals and Png

Millennium Development Goals 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger * Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income, which is less than one dollar a day. * Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people * Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education * Ensure that by 2015, all children everywhere will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. . Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women * Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferable by 2005, and in all level of education by no later than 2015. 4. Reduce Child Mortality: * Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. 5. Improve Maternal Health * Reduce by 3 quarters, between 1090 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio * Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health 6. Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria and Other Diseas es Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDs * Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it * Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability * Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss * Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Halve, by 2015 the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation * By 2020, to have achieved significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. 8. Develop a Global Partnership for Development * Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system * Address the special needs of the least eveloped countries * Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly) * Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term * In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries * In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications Is PNG on track to achieving the goals? Papua New Guinea is not on track to achieving any of the goals so far. Current status in accordance with national Government reporting says that the country is off track in achieving all of the goals, with goal number 8 having insufficient information to even make a judgment.

Do Truth and Right Change over the Course of History Essay

Interpretations of the concepts of Truth and Right absolutely change over the course of time. The most important reason for this is that, as time moves on, technology improves, political leaders change, and the social constructs of â€Å"good† are warped to fit the needs of the people. Whether or not the core definition of Truth and Right change is completely open to interpretation, because these internal ideals are subject to the development and growth of the person holding them. The ideas of Truth and Right are ideas developed by social psychology that are completely open to change depending on authoritarian figures and the development of social thought. I would like to re-establish my previous point; Truth and Right are social constructs. This means that the common interpretations of Truth and Right are based on social and environmental psychology, which, no one can disagree, plays a huge role in the development of ideas of â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad†. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. The terms thoughts, feelings, and behaviors include all of the psychological variables that are measurable in a human being. The statement that others may be imagined or implied suggests that we are prone to social influence even when no other people are present, such as when watching television, or following internalized cultural norms (Wikipedia). Studies over the years have shown that people are more likely to behave according to the social norm when they think they are being watched. In not-so-unrealistic novels such as 1984, the people of the society behave in a fashion deemed acceptable by their leader because they think they are being watched. Even more important is how authority figures influence the behaviors and actions of the masses. In the famous Milgram Experiment, Stanley Milgram sought to determine how far people would go when ordered by an authoritarian figure. The experiment involved giving electrical shocks, increasing in voltage, to a person behind a wall for every wrong answer they gave to a set of questions handed to the actual test subject. The subject, unaware that the shocks were, in fact, fake, was urged to keep going by the test giver, despite shouts and complaints coming from the other side of the wall after every shock. The results were, of course, terrifying. Milgram found that over 65% of the test subjects administered the final shock, consisting of 450-volts (Atkinson). The results of this experiment point to a more terrifying idea. People are essentially sheep; for the most part, they will listen to anyone that looks important or holds authority. This can be detrimental to the ideas of Truth and Right that are generally agreed upon in modern society. We do the things we do because authoritarian figures tell us to. No one is free from this; if everybody did what they wanted all the time, nothing would ever get done. But at what point is enough enough? We like to think we don’t listen to anybody. We like to think we won’t steal or rape or murder because it’s wrong. But, at the core of it, it is because most people are scared of punishment. Political leaders learn this and manipulate it to sway people in their favor. The simple fact that people will listen to authority automatically changes their view of Truth and Right. If the man with the gun to your head says what you’re doing is wrong, eventually, you will believe what you are doing is wrong. An authoritarian, Big Brother society can easily be structured. Some people may argue that demonstrations such as Occupy Wall Street counteract my argument. However, they fail to see that the right to protest is also a social construct. People have developed the idea that protesting when regulations are unfair is Right because, in this country, it is not punished. Once police beatings, pepper sprayings, and riot officers show up, the numbers of protesters will drop dramatically. In other countries, people do not think it is right to protest, even peacefully, because their society severely punishes them for it. Their ideas of Truth and Right are shaped by the society they live in. Right now, our society can be seen as unstable and in a state of turmoil. Financially, we are in a huge mess, and it won’t be long before the strife will lead to violent reactions. It’s times of political strife that our ideas of Truth and Right are manipulated and changed by authoritarian figures. Through social psychology, political leaders can essentially control people and their internal thoughts on the concepts of Truth and Right, showing that they most definitely do change over the course of time, dependant on who is in power.

Flexible Workers Essay

The term flexible working means Flexible working’ is a phrase that describes any working pattern adapted to suit workers needs. Flexibility is the The ability of an organisation to adapt the size, composition, responsiveness and cost of the people inputs required to achieve organisational objectives (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010). There are different forms of flexibility which are numerical flexibility, functional flexibility, financial flexibility, locational flexibility and temporal flexibility. Numerical flexibility is where employers can change the size of their workforce as their labour requirements change. Functional flexibility is the ability of an organization to move employees to other duties or responsibilities within the company. Locational flexibility is that employees can work from home instead of coming to the office. Types of temporal flexibility are Part time working, home working, job Sharing, term time working, annual Hours Zero hours, 9 day fortnight/compressed hours. The table below shows that â€Å"Between 2006 and 2011 there was a general increase across all modes of flexible working (Table 2). Teleworking (TN0910050S) saw the greatest rise, being offered by 14% of employers in 2006 and 59% in 2011. This echoes trends in flexible working observed in the UK as well as the rest of Europe (EU1101011D). The popularity of teleworking has been boosted by improvements in information communication technologies (ICT) and its attractiveness to the smallest companies (69% offer this form of flexible working)†. (ewco 2011) Source: CBI/Harvey Nash (2011) â€Å"The Third Work-Life Balance Employer Survey found that the vast majority (92 per cent) of employers would consider a request to change a working pattern from any employee despite legislation only requiring employers to do so from some employees. Amongst those employers where a request had been made in the previous 12 months, just nine per cent said they had turned down any requests. The survey reported that employers continue to hold predominantly positive attitudes towards work-life balance and to perceive its benefits for employees and workplaces alike, although it is clear that most employers feel that the implementation of flexible working practices is not always easy, and should not be expected by employees where it would cause disruption to the business (Family Friendly Working Hours Taskforce 2008). The Atkinson’s Flexible Firm Model is a technique used by the managers of a company to organize the work place with the help of different forms of flexibility to efficiently make full use of its work force. The model is based on the principle of dividing the work force into core and peripheral groups. The core group consists of workers that are vital to the company, the work force is functionally flexible and are very difficult to replace because of some special skills, knowledge about a product or market and experience in the field. The peripheral group consists of workers who are numerically flexible. This because of the worker in this group can be replaced easily, the supply in labour market is high, they were only needed for a specific task or they might be only needed in the peak time of a business. For a worker it is better to be of the core than the periphery as they would have job security, improved conditions of work and a better pay rate as they cannot be replaced easily. The model also shows how important can the external workers be for the business. For example sub contracted workers like the cleaning staff of an airline are not core part of the company but they are important in running of the business (oxford human resource management). According to BT Case study,† BT demonstrates the power of flexible working as it has adapted the way it manages people and the way they work to stay competitive and responsive. The company has what is believed to be one of the largest flexible working projects in Europe – the BT Work style project. Flexible working is available to almost everyone in BT, and BT now has over 70,000 flexible workers ,from senior managers to contact centre staff. At BT, flexible working is business as usual. Already seven out of 10 people work flexibly and nearly 10% are home based. It has saved the company millions in terms of increased productivity and cut costs. It has also motivated our people and released more potential. † Sir Christopher Bland, Chairman, BT Group (BT group). Flexible working both meets the needs of employees and improves companies’ capacity to serve customers – to optimise communications, reduce response times, improve service and support, and contribute to the overall customer experience – and, in doing so, it secures competitive advantage. See figure 1 below This clearly shows that BT has used flexible working and gained a lot from it, BT used compressed hours to lengthen engineers’ days which led to high level of job completion & customer satisfaction and engineers enjoyed half day off a week which creates motivation among the employees. : British gas has been using flexible working for a long time and it has been their key element in business strategy. British gas offers its employees different types of flexible working which has enabled the company to offer 24 hour service for its customers. British gas flexible working provisions include allowing university students to study, letting people work longer or shorter hours, part-time and full-time roles, flexible hours to allow for childcare, and remote working and they also support home working for some employees. Benefits of offering flexible working for British Gas are that they want to attract and retain the best talent, regardless of background and responsibilities and they want a diverse workforce that reflects community and customer base. Offering flexible working increases employee’s loyalty the brand and provides a better environment to work. British Gas has been chosen as one of the Top 50 Great Places to Work for the 3rd year running rising four places to number 26 in the list (British Gas 2012). Marks and spencer revised their working in February 2010 to give greater emphasis to the requirement for line managers to give all formal flexible working requests due consideration, and agree those requests that are beneficial to both company and the employee. Marks and spencer currently supports these types of flexible working, part-time working, job-sharing, term-time working and home working on a part-time basis depending on the job, flexible retirement options and career leave of up to nine unpaid months to study. Marks and spencer are committed to employee engagement and believe that flexible working contributes to their levels of engagement. Other benefits include attraction of the best talent, retention of our existing talent, and productivity across the business, motivation to give great service increased morale. All these factors lead to better quality service being offered to its customers. (Marks and Spencer plc 2013). Accenture offers the following flexible working provisions flexible hours’ reconfiguration of existing hours over contractual number of days, part-time working, and job-sharing, home-enabled working leave of absence policy: allowing employees to take unpaid leave to pursue activities outside of the working environment. The company also makes full use of multiple flexible working arrangements simultaneously, and any type of flexible working is available to each level f employees. (CIPD 2012) Accenture has seven business reasons to create a more flexible, supportive work environment which are to attract and retain a broad range of talented people, to raise morale and increase job satisfaction, to increase productivity and improve business results to enhance commitment and engagement and to cut health care costs and last to attract investors. More than 80% of Accenture e mployees say that achieving work–life balance is important. Fifty-two per cent of Accenture UK employees also said they are already working flexibly at Accenture and these 52% show increased levels of engagement (2013 Accenture). Companies offer flexibility to its workers as they are benefited from it but there are some draw backs as well like some employers that offer flexible working are doing it on case by case basis rather than making it general work practice, an employee that needs flexible working can come to the employer but it is up to the employer to agree or disagree. When the employer approves or disapproves the employees request it creates internal conflict among employees. If an employee finds it unfair that some employees can work flexibly and some cannot, they feel that some workers are preferred more over them which creates conflict and it leads to de-motivated workers causing the standard of work done by them to be less efficient. Although companies with flextime often use core hours to encourage teamwork, employees that work inconsistent schedules cannot spend as much time in collaboration with co-workers as employees that work the same hours. Employees may only have a few hours a day for this collaboration. In some workplaces, work team communication takes place in an ongoing and spontaneous fashion that is hard to limit to just a few hours. Flextime can slow down the pace of work team production because of this restricted collaboration (Kokemuller 2013). The costs involved in administering flexible are also high which restricts small businesses to adapt it. Employees will not be in work at certain times and therefore it may not be suitable for organisations where continuous cover is necessary. Another disadvantage is that if the offices are open for a longer period, it may lead to increased costs for lighting and heating. Following are the barriers that businesses have to face to create a flexible working condition for its employees Operational pressures, customer/service requirements, line managers’ ability to effectively manage flexible workers, line management attitudes, accommodating employee requests for flexibility and financial constraints. Operational pressures: one of the drawbacks is operational pressure which causes stress (CIPD, 2012).? Communication problems: communication problems can hinder productivity with flexible working because relevant information doesn’t get to the employee (CIPD, 2012). Customer and service requirement: when there is high service requirement where staff need to deal with customers it makes flexibility almost impossible (CIPD, 2006). Flexible working is an important aspect in business as there are many benefits. Flexible working is now being practiced by large companies and it has increased significantly. We have seen that how companies like British Gas, Marks and Spencer and Accenture have used flexible working to define its business. Companies have benefited by getting efficient staff, increased productivity and higher levels of motivation of its workers. There are some barriers and one of the main reasons is operational pressure. Thus today use of flexible working is very important for a company’s success. However there are some drawbacks as well like companies have to face increased costs which restrict small businesses to adapt to flexible working. oth employee and employer are benefited from it, advantages of flexible working to employees are Opportunity to achieve a work life balance, increased satisfaction and higher motivation levels. Whereas the benefits to employers are higher productivity, along with improved customer service, reduced absenteeism, lower staff turnover, improved recruitment and retention of a diverse workforce, raised motivation/engagement and enhanc ed employer branding as employer of choice. Thus we can see that the benefits of working flexibly can benefit the company and it is also good for its workers.

Analysis Of Marketing Positioning Of Kelloggs Special K Marketing Essay

Analysis Of Marketing Positioning Of Kelloggs Special K Marketing Essay Kotler et al’s ideology of marketing entailing understanding consumers and their needs and designing marketing initiatives to deliver those needs (2009, p. 5) emerges in the marketing endeavors undertaken by the Kellogg’s Special K (SK) cereal brand. The marketing foresight inculcated by the brand not only helped it contribute to the overall success of the Kellogg conglomerate but also helped it evolve as a strong contender in the UK cereal industry. This assignment will unravel the marketing practices followed by the SK brand by analyzing its positioning in the UK cereal market. The analyses will encompass highlighting the customer segmentation adapted by this cereal brand followed by evaluating the efficacy of its target market selection. Subsequently, it will assess the cereal’s positioning as compared with its competitor’s positioning including its usage of the marketing mix elements to sustain that positioning. Finally as an outcome of the above anal ysis, it will offer recommendations to strengthen the brand’s market positioning. Assumptions Made: Barring considering the retailers as buyers for a five force analysis of the UK cereal industry, the assignment considers the end users as the consumers of the SK cereal. Whilst for a perceptual map, price   [ 1 ]   has been used to draw inferences on the product quality of the various cereal brands, Kellogg’s product life cycle stage in the UK market and SK’s brand share have been used to draw inferences on SK’s product life cycle stage. UK Cereal Market and Kellogg’s: The UK cereal market grew by 15.7% in value between 2004 and 2008 because of the perceived health benefits of and convenience in consuming cereals coupled with the declining popularity of the traditional breakfast (Worth, 2009). This growth rate indicates the attractiveness of UK cereal industry, which is also substantiated by a Porter’s five forces analysis of the market ( represented diagrammatically in Figure 1.1). This oligopolistic market is dominated by three big brands: Kellogg’s, Weetabix and Cereal Partners (Worth, 2009 and Datamonitor, 2009a) with Kellogg’s leading the market (as shown in figure 1.2). Since giving the world its very first ready to eat cereal – cornflakes (Emerald, 1991, p. 16), Kellogg’s has become practically synonymous with breakfast cereals (Mitchell and Boustani, 1992, p. 21). With over 100 years of experience in the cereal business, it appears that Kellogg’s has built its high brand value (shown in figure 1.3) on consistent pioneering innovations and incessant delivery of consumer’s nutritious food requirements. And keeping true to this tradition is Special K, the leading cereal brand of the Kellogg’s family   [ 2 ]   . Special K and its marketing choices: Launched in the UK in 1959 (Kellogg’s Special K, 2009), Special K is a nutritious low-fat, ready to eat die t cereal that owes its eminent market position to the enhanced marketing choices made by the Kellogg marketers (Kellogg Company, 2003,2004). Following section of the assignment will analyse the components of the marketing choices made by the SK brand. Market segmentation and Target Market: SK is targeted at weight conscious women, employed/homemakers, between the ages of 25-49 who desire to attain a slimmer shape either for a healthy lifestyle or for an occasion. And in pursuit of their weight goals these women will prefer to consume nutritious food substitutes including paying an above average price for the product.

George Orwell's 1984 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

George Orwell's 1984 - Research Paper Example People are not allowed to speak freely—in the press or otherwise—because they are afraid of retribution. This is in direct contrast to the United States, where freedom of speech is built into the First Amendment of the Constitution, the founding document upon which U.S. ideals are based. Totalitarian governments don’t want people to think, live, or do anything without the government’s approval. For example, Communist China only allows one child per family. So, even the means of reproduction is controlled in that country, simply because it gives the government power over even peoples’ private sex lives. Not only this, but the government can claim that it is instituting such a law to have one child per family due to â€Å"the ecology† or some other such reason. This is not the true reason why leaders do not want the Chinese people empowered by having many children. China thinks that by controlling the fact that even these poor citizens of their own country cannot have intimate relations without worrying that the government might execute their child—puts them in a state of continual fear. This persistent fear that people would wake up to also include the fear that someone is watching them all the time who may have a higher place in the government than is originally known. That happens a lot in 1984. People are not whom they seem, and there are several shifting sands in this book, leading one to believe that one cannot always blindly accept the simple platitudes of what appears to be reality. Not only this, but Orwell warned against the dangers of giving leaders totalitarian power. One of the ways that this was achieved was that the so-called ‘winners’ in history would completely and most convincingly erase history. They would do this by incinerating any documents that would show proof of any kind of wrongdoing by the government. Thus, the government’s actions could only be analyzed through the na rrow view it had of itself—which was that it was basically a perfect entity, at least, according to its own records. This is the position in which poor Winston Smith finds himself. He works for the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), and finds himself having the task of ‘revising’ history. What is interesting is that Winston starts realizing, as an Outer Party flunky, that the Inner Party is using him as a tool to help manipulate information control so that the top 2% can remain at the top. This reflects something similar which is going on at the Occupy Wall Street protests all over the globe and in riots in the UK, Africa, and the Middle East—people are realizing that their power comes from taking back their history, and seeing history as it really is and was as opposed to how it might be or should have been. This leads us to our next topic, which has to do with historical revisionism and its evils. III. The Deliberate Distortion of History The deliberate disto rtion of history is what Winston was in charge of doing. The novel 1984 depicts how detrimental history can be when it is written through the lens of the people who were on the winning side of

Automation Tools Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Automation Tools - Math Problem Example The pane, labeled 'Classes' (encircled in blue), displays the name of all objects that are contained in the library, VBA; these objects are called classes, modules and enumerations. These objects have constants, properties and functions, which are listed in pane, labeled 'Members of XXXXX' (encircled in green), through which they define their attributes and set of actions that they can perform. For example, in above figure, it can be noted that there are only two constants, vbModal and vbModaless, are defined in enumeration, FormShowConstant. Also note that the summarized detail for the selected member, vbModaless, is also displayed in the bottom pane (encircled in pink). Executes code one statement at a time; when not in design mode, Step Into enters break mode at the current line of execution. If the statement is a call to a procedure, the next statement displayed is the first statement in the procedure. At design time, this menu item begins execution and enters break mode before the first line of code is executed. This option is similar to Step Into; the difference in use occurs when the current statement contains a call to a procedure. It executes the procedure as a unit, and then steps to the next statement in the current procedure. ... For example, in above figure, it can be noted that there are only two constants, vbModal and vbModaless, are defined in enumeration, FormShowConstant. Also note that the summarized detail for the selected member, vbModaless, is also displayed in the bottom pane (encircled in pink). Question 1(c): What debugging facilities are available within the Visual Basic Editor (VBA IDE).Describe how they might be used to debug code Answer 1(c): In Visual Basic Editor, all debugging facilities can be accessed through options that are available in 'Debug' menu; this menu contains the following menu items: 1. Step Into Executes code one statement at a time; when not in design mode, Step Into enters break mode at the current line of execution. If the statement is a call to a procedure, the next statement displayed is the first statement in the procedure. At design time, this menu item begins execution and enters break mode before the first line of code is executed. If there is no current execution point, the Step Into command may appear to do nothing until something is done that triggers code, for example clicking on a document. 2. Step Over This option is similar to Step Into; the difference in use occurs when the current statement contains a call to a procedure. It executes the procedure as a unit, and then steps to the next statement in the current procedure. Therefore, the next statement displayed is the next statement in the current procedure regardless of whether the current statement is a call to another procedure. This option is available in break mode only. 3. Step Out Executes the remaining lines of a function in which the current execution point lies. The next statement displayed is the statement following the procedure call. All of the code is executed

How Aggressive cartoons effect on children's behavior Annotated Bibliography

How Aggressive cartoons effect on children's behavior - Annotated Bibliography Example According to the people who are of the opinion that cartoon violence is very similar as most of the time harm is inflicted upon some of the characters. In a research carried out by Kirsch it was established that among both the adults and children long exposure to media violence has contributed to an increase of antisocial behavior. According to the article, a research carried out by The Kaiser Family Foundation in 2006 established that about 68% of all the parents involved in the research reported that they have seen their children imitate some of the behaviors that they have seen on television. About 24% of the imitated behaviors were deemed as violent. Generally the article is of the view that violence in cartons is meant for comic entertainment and that it does not in any way responsible for the antisocial behavior among the children. The article is of the opinion that cartoons are merely meant to entertain chidren. According to the authors of this article, some of the experiments have been undertaken to find out if the violence that children see in cartoons is responsible for triggering some aggressive behavior among the children. According to the article it is still very unclear how children interpret media violence, and even how very early exposure to fantasy violence affects the mental modes of aggression in children. The article takes a deeper look at two related issue in terms of media violence effects on children. The first is exposure of children to violence and the effect it has on children. The second is finding out if the characteristics of violent cartoons affect children mental modes aggression. According to the article a research carried out was able to establish that children recalled having seen some sort of violence in selected carton stimuli that did not have any violent scenes. In that aspect the research

SWOT Analysis of Bank of America Research Paper

SWOT Analysis of Bank of America - Research Paper Example In its mission statement, BoA has identified its responsibilities towards all its stakeholders which include the shareholders, the customers and the clients, its employees, the institutional investors, government, the community and the society in which it operates. BoA’s vision is to become the World’s finest financial service company. At the heart of BoA’s mission statement lays its core values and strategies which highlights how it intends to achieve its mission. BoA believes in doing the right thing for its stakeholders, work in teams while developing trust, focusing on achieving results and respecting each others differences and becoming leaders to build a better future. (Editors) 2. Identify the five (5) forces of competition and how it impacts the company. The first force of Porter’s five forces is threat of new entrants. Banking and financial services industry in general faces severe competition. Being a multinational bank operated worldwide, BoA fa ces tough competition. The potential of absolutely ‘new’ entrants in the banking sector is low as operating a bank is a highly regulated business which requires vast amount of investment. However already established banks worldwide can very easily enter regions and compete with each other which makes competition quite tough for BoA in many regions. (Schmidt. 2010; Henry. 2008) The second force to determine competition in the industry is competition form established rivals. In BoA’s case this seems to be high too as due to globalization in the financial institution the competition has become tougher within already established companies. All the US based and international institutions are trying to win the market share and strengthen their customer base. (Schmidt. 2010; Henry. 2008) The third Porter’s force is competition from substitutes. This seems to be reasonably low for the financial institutions as they offer services like wealth management, investment banking, insurance, loans, advisory etc that have no substitutes. (Schmidt. 2010; Henry. 2008) The power of customer and the power of supplier are the fourth and fifth forces of Porter’s model. The power of supplier seems to be weak in BoA’s case as there are no significant suppliers in the financial services sector. The power of customers is high as in most of the businesses due to increased globalization and competition the customers can now exercise greater influence on the pricing and need of new offers which can accelerate competition. However in an industry like financial services providers where the intervention of government and other regulators is high the companies are restricted to a certain level. (Schmidt. 2010; Henry. 2008) 3. Create a SWOT analysis for the company identifying the major strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats. BoA’s presence world wide gives it a wider geographical coverage to avail opportunities. Its geographical spread e nables it to serve various markets, business segments and needs of customers all around the world. BoA deals in various products which is an additional strength that serves millions of customers all around the world through its strong network. Product diversification- offering services like retail banking, investment banking, cards, capital and wealth management along with continuous product development and keeping pace with latest technology and promoting learning and innovation have been major strengths of the company. Additionally it operates a very strong risk management